Tutorials for Learning Basic Functions in Windows

Here are some tutorials for those who are new to computing. Basic computer functions like using the mouse and keyboard as well as simple Windows operations like copy and paste are explained. The most basic file operations are also covered.

Clicking a link below will open a tutorial in a new window. When you have finished looking at a tutorial, close its window to return to the main menu.

(Please note that Microsoft has been forced to modify Internet Explorer because of patent issues. This means that the Macromedia Flash presentation windows must now be clicked first to allow the files to play. The Firefox browser does not have these problems and works just fine.)

(Later note: Microsoft's patent issues were resolved and updated versions of Internet Explorer now play Flash presentations as originally intended.)

Elementary computer concepts

Slide show introducing computers

Presents elementary concepts of how computers work and what the essential components such as the CPU, RAM, and the hard drive are. Briefly describes the concept of an operating system and what the file system is.

A survey of some of the keys on a PC keyboard

A tutorial in Macromedia Flash 6 format showing some of the different keys on a PC keyboard.

A guide to clicking the mouse in Windows

Single-click, double-click, left-click, right-click; it can be confusing for someone new to using a mouse. How to know which one of these operations applies is explained.

Mouse Tutorial and Exercises

A group of entertaining interactive exercises for practicing elementary operations such as the double-click and drag-and-drop. Has sound effects so be sure to turn on your speakers. Also contains an interactive drawing exercise. In Flash 6 format. ( Note: the mouse exercises have been updated to get around the Internet Explorer extra click problem. However, the workaround uses JavaScript so be sure it is enabled.)

Elements of Windows

Slide show introducing the file system

Describes the basic concepts of how information is stored in files and folders. Introduces the idea of different types of file formats requiring different software

Elementary Windows menu operations

An interactive Flash tutorial for practicing very basic operations with the standard Windows menus "File" and " Edit"

Using the Task Pane to copy a file

Folders in Windows XP contain a handy area called the "Task Pane", where various file and folder operations can be carried out. This Flash demonstration shows how to copy a file.

Using the Task Pane to move a file

Another Flash presentation, this time showing how to move a file in Windows XP

Copying multiple files

Continuing the Flash presentations on simple file operations in Windows XP

Tutorial on selecting text for copying or editing

A Macromedia Flash presentation on how to use the mouse to select or highlight text designated for copying to another document window or for editing purposes. This non-interactive presentation has occasional sound.

Vdu: the Computer Monitoring System

INTRODUCTION
the Visual display Unit (VDU) according to International Labour Office (1989) defined VDU as an electrical instrument that is use to display the information recieved from the computer system,in a very short period of time emerged from comparative obscruity in scientific laboratory(s) to become an integral and indespensable part of normal working life for millions of people both in home and in workplaces. As the technological revolutioncontinues, the use of computer with screen-base output unit or VDU grows at an incresing rate. worlwide, millions of VDUs are now in use, recieving and processing information on television-like screen or monitors. Also, it is a television type monitor that display information recieved from computer system wordprocessor rather than from a signal broad cast for televisio. The VDU contributes the interactive element between the operator and the computer system. The VDU could be limited to a main computer, as with a terminal or the physical entity comporising the VDU could also include the computer system, as with a personal computer (PC). the basic principle of operation of most VDUs in use is simikar to that of television sets.They contain a large evacuated glass tube, called Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), which include a source of electrons (The Cathode) and a phospor coating on thte inside of the vewing face of the screen. A high voltage (typically) in the range of 10-25kv accelerated electrons, releasing from the cathod towards a second electrode called The Cathode. They pass the through a hole in the anode on to the phosphor materials. However, computers are very important and for all the apparent complexity, they seems to hve a wide range of uses and play an ever-increasing role within our society likeoffice, commerce and industries, public services and of course schools and home, with this we can see that the importance of computer monitor can not be over emphasis.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study is to determine the influence of computer monitor (VDU) a computer system of an organisation and it is stated below:
1. what are the effect of VDU to human and health?
2. what are the control measure and prevention of VDU effect?
3. what are the measuement and level of control of radiation emmision of VDU?

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this seminar is to provide information on the computer monitor which base on the influence, importance and the uses of computer monitor in a computer system of an organisation.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project work will be based mainly on the use, importance and the configuration of a computer monitor

METHODOLOGY
During the course of this project work, data were obtained from second sorce, this cisist of information from the periodicals, texetrbooks, encarta software and research findings. Aslo, search engines like www.google.com, www.devilfinder.com, www.mamma.com, and son on will also contacted during the project work.

LIMIITATION OF THE STUDY
This research work suppose to go in-depth but due to the power fai.lure, there is no money to move from one place another, insufficient time allocation and the resarch is also expensive to carry out.

ANALYSIS TO THE STUDY
In the first generation of computerwhich was between the year 1945-1958 one of the first digital computer in this generation was a machine called ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) was design band built at the Moore school of Electrical Engineering at the univesity of Pennsylvanian in 1956. This ENIAC contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes wieghed more than 30 tons and required 1500 square fact of floor space. It was programmed by setting up to 6,000 switch and connecting cables between the various units of the computer.
The second generation introduced the designing computer which was between (1958-1964) machine based on the store concet using discrete semiconductor element diodes, translator and so on. The vacuum tube was reduce to weighed about 25 tons and required 1000 sqaure of the floor space and again reduction in heat generation. The size-reduction brought by the utilization of semiconductor elements.
Between 1964-1971 which was the third generation f computer which was the third generation of computer which was characterized by further reduction in sixe of the VDu low cast, low in heat generatiion. Introduction of im[proved method of storing datas and applicaron of Integrated Circuits (I.C.), they accepted their input data through magnetic tape and magnetic disk, which they also accepted for secondary storage.
During 1971-1975, Here computer were first designed on the basis of large-scale integrated circuit along with vacuum 3tube and transistror. Each electronic along has its own set of characteristics including reliability, packing density, heated dissipation, speed and cost of all which designer must balance then the VDU size was drastically reduced compare to the first generation and the cost which is very cheap. This fourth of computer are otherwise known as microprocessor on a chip and is characterized by the energence of personal computer (PCs) so called foruth generation programming language such as spread sheet, Dbase III, windowing menu dialoging and other paraphernalia.
The fifth generation of computer (1975-1995) is the mother language or lingual franca of each user. Hence the following thechonolgies were involved in the fifth generation; (1) Micro electronics (2) computer architecture (3) Artificial intelligence (4) Language processing (5) database management. A logical influence is an elementary inductive method of reasoning and each lips is equivalent to some 300 instruction on a conventional computer.
The sixth generation of computer monitor was the geneation which innovation called Optic Computer, the computer of this generation is from year 1995 till date and the computer of this generation are laptop computer, palmtop computer, plasma computer all which are usin a flat screen are been constructed. Here are the computer monitor that came into being in this generation MDA (Monocrono Display Adapter), HA (Hercules Adapter). CGA (Color Graphic Adapter), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), Palmtop Plasma Television and so on.

THE DESIGN OF A MONITOR
The Monitor could be linke to a main computer, as with a terminal, or the physical entity comprising the VDU could also include the computer system, as with a personal computer (PC). The basic principle of operation of most VDUs in use is similar to that of television sets. They contain a large evacuated glass tube called Cathod Ray Tube (CRT), which include a source of electrons (the cathode) and a phosphor coating on the inside of the viewing face of the screen. A high voltage (typically in the range of 10-25kv) accelerates electrons release trom the cathod towards a second elctrode on to the direction and thus the impact of the points of the electrons on the phosphor are controlledby magnetic field produced by deflecting the coils mounted near the back of the tube. In this manner, the electron beam is swept horizontally and vertically across the viewing face-the whole face normally being-covered in about 1/70th of a second. By modulating the intensity of the electron beam in each position, the resulting pattern of light and dark points can be generated into pictrue. The electronic circuit used to control these processess gives rise to both radio frequency (RF) field and to electric and magnetic fields of lower frequencies. Recently, solid state circuitry in conjuction with liquid crystal, gas plasma or similar display technology(s) has been used to replace cathode ray tube. However, to a rather limited extent.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Computer:- an electronic device capable of storing and processing information in accordance with a set of instruction.
Cathode Ray Tube:- a vacuum tube in which beam of electrones produce a luminous image on a fluorescence screen, used in television and display unit (VDU).
Monitor:- a television used to view a pictrue from a particular camera o a display from a computer.
Monochrome:- consisting of or display image in black and white or in varying tones of one color.
Hercules:- requiring or having greate strnght or effects.
Flash:- shine with a bright but brief or irregular light.
Pixel (Pictrue Element):- any of the tiny ray of light on a display screen which are made up of an image.
Pallete:- a thin board on which an artist lay anf mixes pints abd the range of color used by an artists.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, there are no health hazards associated wityh radiation, graphic adapter and field from VDUs. However, since a large number of people are involved in VDU work measure sohould be taken to ensure that VDU workplace are economically well designed. This include aspect of the VDU, the workstation and the work environment as well as work organiszation.

REFERENCES
Bergqiust, U. (1984), "Video Display Terminals and Health", in scandinavia via journal of work environment and
health (helsinkin), vol.10.
Health and Welfare (Canada).1993), Investigations of Radiation Emission from Vidoe Display Terminals, Reporter 83-
-91 (Ottawa, Environment Health Directorate).
Intenational Labour Office (ILO), 1989. Working With Visual Display Unit, Occupational safety and Health Series
No. 61.
Locksley E.A. et al (2006). Introduction to Computer Studies 1, Immacuilate Concept, Ogbomosho, Oyo state
Pg. 3-7.
Micheal Tooley (1997), PC Troubleshooting Pocket Book, the bath press Pg. 150.

By Ajibola Daniel

Computer Security

What is Computer Security?

Computer Security is a branch of technology known as information security as applied to computers. Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. The objective of computer security varies and can include protection of information from theft or corruption, or the preservation of availability, as defined in the security policy.

Technological and managerial procedures applied to computer systems to ensure the availability, integrity and confidentiality of information managed by the computer system

Computer security imposes requirements on computers that are different from most system requirements because they often take the form of constraints on what computers are not supposed to do.

Typical approaches to improving computer security can include the following:

• Physically limit access to computers to only those who will not compromise security.


• Hardware mechanisms that impose rules on computer programs, thus avoiding depending on computer programs for computer security.


• Operating system mechanisms that impose rules on programs to avoid trusting computer programs.


• Programming strategies to make computer programs dependable and resist subversion.

Computer Security has three Layers:

o Hacking

o Cracking

o Phreaking

Hacking:

Unauthorized use or attempts to circumvent or bypass the security mechanisms of an information system or network.

Computer hacking always involves some degree of infringement on the privacy of others or damage to computer-based property such as files, web pages or software. The impact of computer hacking varies from simply being simply invasive and annoying to illegal.

Cracking:

The act of breaking into a computer system.

Software Cracking is the modification of software to remove protection methods: copy prevention, trial/demo version, serial number, hardware key, CD check or software annoyances like nag screens and adware.

The most common software crack is the modification of an application's binary to cause or prevent a specific key branch in the program's execution.

Phreaking:

The art and science of cracking the phone network.

Security by design:

The technologies of computer security are based on logic. There is no universal standard notion of what secure behavior is. "Security" is a concept that is unique to each situation. Security is extraneous to the function of a computer application, rather than ancillary to it, thus security necessarily imposes restrictions on the application's behavior.

There are several approaches to security in computing; sometimes a combination of approaches is valid:

1. Trust all the software to abide by a security policy but the software is not trustworthy (this is computer insecurity).


2. Trust all the software to abide by a security policy and the software is validated as trustworthy (by tedious branch and path analysis for example).


3. Trust no software but enforce a security policy with mechanisms that are not trustworthy (again this is computer insecurity).


4. Trust no software but enforce a security policy with trustworthy mechanisms.

12 tips for computer security:

1. Update / patch ALL your software every now and then!


2. Check / adjust ALL your settings so they are safe, since they ARENT by default!


3. Use firewall, like ZoneAlarm to control what goes in and out from your computer!


4. Use good passwords: at least 13marks long, containing both letters and numbers. Remember to change your password every few months atleast and dont ever use the same password in two places!


5. Get a good antivirus program: NOD32, F-Secure or Norton Antivirus and keep it updated!


6. Don’t open or execute files that you are not 100% sure are absolutely safe nomatter where or how you get them.


7. Wipe your historyfiles (like cookies, internet history and temporary files, etc.), logs and personal files, with specific wiping program (like Eraser) instead of just deleting them.


8. Use encryption to enhance your privacy! Use encrypted email (like Hushmail or Ziplip), www-surfing and encrypt sensitive files on your computer (PGP).


9. When you are finished using some internet-based service like email, sign out of it rather than just closing your browser! Also, when you leave your computer, make sure that none of such programs or connections are left open that someone could abuse. In WindowsNT/2k/XP, press Windowskey+L to lock the workstation.


10. Don’t use public computers for anything you need to type in your logins, they usually have Trojan horses that capture your passwords.


11. Make backups and store them in safe place! Easiest way to do a total-backup is to make an "Image" of your harddrive or partition and store it on safe location, but floppies will usually be just fine for storing documents, etc.


12. Install and Use a Hardware Firewall

By David Tuffel

Hack Back Your Computer - Revive Your Lagging Pc

Over time and use with a windows machine you may notice that it does not run as fast as when you first got it.

This is usually because of a number of different problems that can occur with regular use of a computer. The smart computer user knows about these things and how to repair them on their own rather then having to hire a technician to solve the problem, (costing you time with out your computer and usually around 50 dollars an hour).

Possible problems usually include one or many of the following things:

Viruses

They happen, even if you spend all the money you can on antivirus software, you likely don’t even know you have one.

Spam

Loosely falls under the same definition as a virus but with some negligible variations, can also include programs that hit you computer with nasty pop ups and redirect you to web pages you don’t want to visit.

Registry

This is a comprehensive list of all programs that have ever been installed on your computer, sometimes when you uninstall a program some information can still be left on this list, the longer you have your computer the larger this list is likely to be.

To much junk

Unused programs and applications (different browser menus, and other programs)

Start up programs

On the bottom right of your computer beside the clock is usually a bunch of icons. These represent programs that are running on your computer at a given time, the problem is that not all programs that are running display an icon in the taskbar. There is usually much more programs running at a time that you are unaware of.

So lets get started then. Bellow are some tips almost any computer user can performe, to help speed up your computer

1. Restore Point

Before we get started we are going to record a windows restore point. If at any point you feel you’ve made a big mistake you can always go back into the windows restore program and reverte to where you’re computer was at before you tried to fix it. This should give you the confidence to play and adjust settings on your computer without the worry of messing it up. To do this you go to the start menu -> Program files - > Accessories -> System tools -> System restore.

A new program will open from there all you have to do is ask your computer to set a restore point, later if needed you can revert to it. A restore point is a virtual snap shot of your computers settings. It may take a few moments to process.

2. Safe Mode

Because you probably have viruses and unwanted programs slowing down your computer, in order to make the clean up process easier and more efficient we will put your computer into safe mode to run quicker. Safe mode is a basic start up of windows without all the extra bells and whistles that slow down your computer. Also if there is any viruses or programs running on your computer they will very likely not be running in safe mode.

To get into safe mode simply restart your computer then right as it is starting up press F8 on your keyboard, A menu will come up listing some options for you, you need to select Safe mode with networking so that you can still have access to the internet.

It is important to press F8 at a precise time as windows is starting up, some computers will prompt you on the bottom of the screen as its loading but its ok if you just keep pressing it until the menu loads, you can definitely press it more than once.

3a. Windows Updates

Windows frequently releases security updates for problems they find with their operating system. It is usually set up to do it automatically but most people ignore it for whatever reason. Even if this is not the case go to www.windowsupdate.microsoft.com and run through their automatic updates program. Its really easy just basically keep clicking yes and next until it is complete. Once the updates are finished it will prompt you to restart your computer, do so before you continue onto the next step.

3b. Restart Again

The computer will likely restart you into normal windows mode, we will continue to work on your computer through safe mode as it will run the next steps quicker, and we can pretty much guarantee that the viruses won’t be running aswell. So restart your computer again and enter into safe mode again.

4. Anti-virus

Ok the easy step to do now is to run a virus scan. Even if you don’t have an anti-virus program on your computer you can still scan your computer for free. The site I recommend is antivirus.com put on by a company called trendmicro, this company mainly profits from its corporate clients but offers a free online scan to public users. Simply go to antivurs.com and look for their free online services for home and office use. Then follow the instructions to run the housecall program on all your local hard drives. This program will provide a current scan of your computer removing all known viruses. Its updates everyday with new definitions so you always know you have an up to date program.

There are a couple other virus programs I should mention. Some of the commercial versions of virus software (Norton and Mcafee) are usually expensive, and require a subscription. In addition to the cost they all use alot of your computers resources to run. So if you are trying to remove virus to speed up a computer by installing Norton you likely won’t notice a difference in speed as it is probably making just as slow.

The solution is to get AVG free edition, Which is a free virus program for all to use, They do also have a subscription version that has a few more features but even the full version of AVG uses way less resources on your computer then norton or Mcafee.So after you’ve finished fixing your computer if you do want to install an antivirus program you may choose to.

4b. Restart in normal mode

At this point you will need to restart you computer and let it boot normally to get out of safe mode

5. MSCONFIG

This program isn’t very well known to most computer users but it is crucial to keeping your computer clean and organized. MSCONFIG is a windows program on all windows machines that controls all start up settings. To access it go to your start menu and click on the run command then type MSCONFIG and press enter.
This program will open in a new window and there will usually be 4 tabs at the top of the window. The main one that you can edit with little difficulty or computer knowledge is the start up tab, click on it and you will see a list of all programs that start when your computer starts up. In reality there is really only 2 or 3 programs that are absolutely necessary These are your systray and anything to do with windows explorer. At this point what you can do is go through the list and uncheck any programs that look suspicious or that you know are malicious or unwanted. When you apply the settings it will ask you to reboot. Once the reboot is complete if all is well you can uncheck more of the programs from the list and see if you computer will still run as you need it. Usually I uncheck almost all of them then add the ones I absolutely need back in after. You can also work in reverse and gradually remove a few at a time and make sure your computer is still ok after each reset. You will need to performe this step a number of times until you have the computer running as quickly as possible with the programs you need.

Usually some of the types of programs that are ok to have on your start up include your software for your burner, msn, your antivirus software, printer software,windows themes.

Tip: If your not sure what a particular program does then you can google all the information list in the startup list on that program and you can usually get an answer.

6. Registry

Similarly to MSCONFIG and the start up list. Your computer registry stores a list of all programs that have ever been installed on your machine. So if you’ve had your computer a while and added and removed alot of programs there can be alot of entries in your registry. A handy program also available on the antivirus.com site is the Hijack This program. This program allows you to clean up and edit your registry.

Caution!!!!!
Be very careful with this step, only remove entries you are sure that are old and unused. This can mess up your computer if done incorrectly, that is why the hijack this program is a good tool to use. Risk of failure can be reduced by setting another restore point before you performe this task.

The windows program that is used to allow you to perform the same task is called REGEDIT. I would only suggest this program for advanced users, and I only use it when I know specifically what program I want to remove from the registry as I can search for it with the find and replace tool.

Hope these tips provide you with a little more confidence and can save you a few service call to the tech support companies.

By Geoffrey Vaughan

The World of Computer Speakers

The most well known speaker in the world is out to give you yet another stunning performance. Computer speakers are such in demand in the market now. People using the internet, teenagers hooked with their on line games are the primary users of this electronic device. Their ground-breaking inventions and improvements will surely fascinate you.

A computer speaker is a built-in device that generates the sound from the computer. This kind of speaker is designed for PCs or personal computers. A lot of different computer speakers can connect via a jack, USB, RCA connectors, socket and plug. They are commonly designed as attractive, small and versatile.

There are also durable brands that are a bit expensive but are worth the price. Computer speakers can also be used when you are listening to music, playing 3D games or watching a number of movies.

Moreover, computer speakers are in demand in the market now. People using the internet, teenagers hooked with their on line games are the primary users of this electronic device. Even the movie addict who only knows how to download their favourite and the latest movie on the net is obsessed with the idea of a good sound woofer in order to imitate their home theatres.

External speakers or the multimedia speakers are commonly equipped with a low-power internal amplifier. The standard audio connection is a stereo jack pug about 3.5 mm and coloured green for computer sound cards. Some uses an RCA connector for input but there are also types who use USB speakers which are provided with 5 Volts at 200 milliamps which can allow about a half watt of output power. They usually have an equalization feature for treble controls and bass. Computer speakers usually range from low quality, high-quality and expensive speakers.

Computer speakers vary greatly in price and quality and the typical speakers that are included in the computer package is mediocre in performance and sound quality.

Listed below are some of the types of computer speakers

• Logitech Z_2300: This computer speaker is loud and nice. The sound comes out without distortion or losing clarity. This is even at a high volume level. The Z_2300 computer speaker has a two forty watt satellite and a one hundred twenty watt subwoofer. The Logitech computer speaker is an adapter speaker that can be used in DVD players as well as in gaming.

• Lansing VS2421: This brand of computer speaker is a high-quality basic speaker. The VS2421 has a thirty five Hz to twenty Hz for a full volume sound. It also uses twenty eight watts of electricity. This computer speaker device has a hardwire remote control used for controlling the treble and volume. Its hardware remote control includes a mute button, auxiliary input both for CD players and MP3s, as well as a microphone.

• Logitech Z_5500: This brand of computer speaker device consists of six speakers as well as a subwoofer. This five hundred five watt Logitech speaker is the best speaker for movie buffs and computer gamers. The Z_5500 speaker has a very high volume level and bass control. It can also be used in CD players as well as portable DVD players.

• Tritton USB Portable Computer Speaker: This computer speaker is especially made for portable computers. Tritton USB speakers have a fixed subwoofer that is suitable both for low and high volume control. This type of speaker does not need power adapters or even batteries. This USB portable computer speaker is powered by fifty centimeters of USB cable. This speaker uses about one hundred ten to two hundred watts.

• Edifier S2.1 computer speaker: This computer speaker features three different inputs such as analog and two digital inputs. The two digital inputs inside this speaker consist of one optical and one coax. The S2.1 speakers have a wired remote, LFE, treble and loudness volume. This computer speaker comes with four meters of optical cable and three meters of cable stereo analogue. It also has a decent high output for a sixty-five inch subwoofer. Edifier speakers have removable grills. The S2.1 has a maximum of one thousand power consumption.

• Groove PM21Computer Speakers: This speaker brings high-qualities of sound. It also mixes great sound to PCs and laptops. PM21 has a simple set up composed of three speakers as well as a modern design for flat monitors. It also includes a compact style that is suitable for travelers. This speaker is around two hundred twenty watts. Groove computer speakers bring a clear and nice sound to every computer.

• Cyber Acoustic 3001 Personal Computer Speakers: This kind of speaker for computers is the best and most affordable three-piece subwoofer for computers. It has a suitable desktop volume level and cloth grill coating. The speakers have three poly carbons, two high rate satellite radiators plus a high quality woofer.

• Labtec Pulse 430 Personal Computer speakers: The Pulse speaker has a tall three-piece audio that is cheap and very convenient for everyday usage. It also has a great subwoofer for throbbing bass as well as packed in satellite speakers. This three-piece powerful speaker provides realistic, dynamic, powerful and crystal clear sounds. Labtec Pulse features a USB, jack, socket and plug connector.

• Hidden Spy Computer Speakers: This speaker delivers high quality, powerful clear sounds. Computer speakers of this brand have an attractive style as well as coat cover speakers. It has a USB cable and jack connection. Hidden Spy speakers are around one hundred ten watts to two hundred twenty watts.

Thus, when it comes to recently featured computer speakers, Altec- Lansing is well known and respected. This is due to the long years it has put in developing the best sound woofers for your computers.

In fact, Altec-Lansing released their new high-end computer speakers. It has a simple, elegant style and complete with fantastic sounds, making it perfect for people who only seek quality computer speakers for their computers and audio devices.

Their FX series possess a remarkable sound from the FX satellites' REAL two-way system. This means that each satellite has two drivers that are both active. The beauty of this new innovation is that the FX 4021 and FX 5051 can be mounted on the wall. Thus, the first 5.1 system of FX5051 can offer the advantage of having a USB plug -and -play connectivity, which adds to its ease of use.

Comparing the FX 4021 and the FX 5051 specifications, with regards to its unique features are as follows:

FX 4021 uses an isobaric subwoofer with dual 5.25 inches woofers. Aside from this, the rest of the specifications are already similar to the FX 5051. Hence, the FX5051 is similar on some specifications with the FX 4021 but it has a better isobaric subwoofer with dual 6.5 inches woofers, a USB 5.1 connectivity, digital hardwired controller for stand-by, master volume, bass, treble and centre controls.

It also needs a minimum system requirement of a personal computer with a 500 MHz processor, Operating system of Windows 98SE, 2000, ME or XP, a minimum Random Access Memory of 64 megabytes, music and game title that is encoded for 5.1. This is along with an available Universal Serial Bus or USB port.

Both models have a two- way satellite that can be mounted to the wall. Plus, each satellite possesses the following:

• a 40 mm midrange driver
• 18 mm tweeter
• wireless remote for controls
• built in cable management
• conveniently located auxiliary input for mp3
• portable Compact Disc players
• Head Phone jack

Another innovative invention is the FX6021 which has a so called InConcert technology. This can be for music, home theatre or gaming addicts.

Moreover, this technology can deliver a crisp, clean, full- volume sound that feels like its covering every bit of you. This can even express s sound that is in a straight forward manner, not up and down. This means that the sound is clearer and uncluttered by the reflections of the ceiling, wall or floor.

Aside from this, it also has two super slim satellites that feature 12 neodymium one-inch micro drivers. Each micro driver is supported by its very own distinct amplifier. A 6.5 inches subwoofer accomplishes the sound through its low- frequency and a full- throated bass.

Comparing this high end speaker, FX6021, with a high performance speaker like the VS 4221 that possesses an impressive bass capable of registering on your Richter scale, they are still not on equal footing. This is due to the fact that the VS4221 has a 3 inch driver for a warm, uniform sound, capable of surrounding an entire room. The stunning result would be robust, rich sounds that only very few woofers can match.

Thus, a wide selection of speakers is now available and they differ depending on the user's demands and needs. With this, it is imperative that you are constantly updated on the types of computer speakers available in the market. This way, you will be able to keep in touch with how the evolving technology can work to your advantage.

By David H.

New York Computer Crimes

The term “computer crimes” is not one often heard in criminal news. Most people don’t even realize it exists. Nevertheless, computer crimes are specifically addressed by most states’ legislatures. New York computer criminal statutes are codified in Section 156 of New York Penal Code. This article, written by a New York City criminal defense lawyer Joseph Potashnik provides a short glimpse into what is considered a New York computer crime.

The most common New York computer crime is Unauthorized use of a computer. You may be guilty of unauthorized use of a computer if you knowingly use a computer or computer service without authorization and the computer or system you use is protected by password or another security feature. Unauthorized use of a computer is a class A misdemeanor.

Another common New York computer criminal charge is Computer Trespass. Computer trespass means the person knowingly uses a computer or computer service without authorization with an intent to commit or attempt to commit any felony or, alternatively, the person knowingly gains access to computer material. Computer trespass is a class E felony.

Next in line is Computer tampering. This offense may be in several degrees depending on circumstances. You may be guilty of computer tampering in the fourth degree for using a computer or computer service (even with permission) and intentionally altering or destroying computer data or a computer program of another person without permission to do so. Computer tampering in the fourth degree is a class A misdemeanor.

If, in addition to this, the person has an intent to commit any felony or if the person has been previously convicted of any computer or theft of services crime, or the act of deleting computer material was deliberate or with the intent to cause damages for more than $1000 dollars, the person may be guilty in computer tampering in the third degree, which is a class E felony.

New York computer tampering in the second degree involves committing the crime of computer tampering in the fourth degree plus intentionally altering or destroying computer data or a computer program so as to cause damages for more than three thousand dollars. Computer tampering in the second degree is a class D felony. Finally, if an act causes more than $50,000 in damages, the person could be guilty of computer tampering in the first degree, a class C felony.

Tampering aside, another line of statutes deals with illegal copying of computer related material. Under NY Penal Law 156.30, a person may be guilty of unlawful duplication of computer related material when they illegally copy or duplicate computer or program data causing owners economic damages in the amount of more than $2,500 or copying these materials with an intent to commit felony. Unlawful duplication of computer related material is a class E felony.

You don’t have to illegally duplicate computer material to violate the statute. Simple possession of computer data may be a felony, too. For example, under Section 156.35,
a person is guilty of criminal possession of computer related material when having no right to do so, he knowingly possesses, a copy, reproduction or duplicate of any computer data or computer program which was copied, reproduced or duplicated in violation of section 156.30 with intent to benefit himself or a person other than an owner. Criminal possession of computer related material is a class E felony.

New York computer crimes statute allows for some defenses a defendant may use. Some of them include a defense that the defendant had reasonable grounds to believe that he had authorization to do all the proscribed activities.

By Joseph P

Learn About Computers With Free Computer Learning Courses

“There’s too much to learn!” “Everything changes so quickly!” “I just don’t understand!”

These are all common reactions to the overwhelming challenge of learning to use a personal computer. The volume of information, the pace of change and the intimidating technical language can make learning about computers seem like an unattainable and unrealistic goal.

However, with the right strategy, learning about computers doesn’t have to be impossible. In fact, thanks to numerous opportunities on the Internet, free computer learning courses are available to everyone and, with a structured approach; you can overcome the barriers to learning about computers and find yourself mastering computer skills quickly and painlessly.

The first step on your path to learning about computers is to tune out all of the ridicule from your friends, forget your precocious eight-year-old niece’s computer skills and focus on yourself. You can do this by defining what success means to you. Do this by setting a few compelling and attainable goals that are relevant to you and assigning them realistic timelines. Make sure these goals are observable and measurable so that you know when you’ve achieved them and can celebrate your success.

For example, if you’ve never touched a computer before, you might set a goal of being able to turn the machine on and to launch three of your favorite programs by the end of your first month of learning. Or you might focus on a specific area of learning about computers, such as navigating the Internet, and set a goal of being able to find two free computer learning courses on a program you would like to learn. Your first goal should be challenging, but not overwhelming. If you stay in your comfort zone, you won’t advance, but if you set goals you can’t achieve, you’ll quickly become discouraged. By achieving some success early on, you’ll be more motivated to challenge yourself to learn faster. This will also make learning about computers fun, which will keep your motivation at a high level.

After you’ve met your first goal – and you will! – take a little time out to celebrate your success. Brag to a friend or family member. Treat yourself to a reward for overcoming all the fear, doubt and uncertainty that comes with tackling such a daunting task. Once you’ve tasted a little success and gotten your feet wet, you’ll have a much clearer idea of what you want and need to learn. If you’ve learned how to launch your three favorite programs, you might realize that you really want or need to master one of those programs. If your goal was to navigate to some free computer learning courses, you might soon realize that you need to understand the features and functionality of a specific site. While it’s tempting at this point to dive in and learn all there is to know, resist that temptation, or you’ll risk becoming overwhelmed. Remember to read sections of the web site that will teach you how to use the site properly. You can often find these under sections like FAQs, How it Works and Getting Started.

To keep your learning on track, identify your ultimate goal and then break that down into smaller steps and goals to get you there. Once you’ve broken down your end goal into a collection of smaller, bite-size chunks of skills to learn, make sure you assign dates to each of them so that you have a timeline with which to work. Again, it’s important to challenge yourself, but don’t set timelines that are so aggressive that they seem unrealistic. Once you know all the things that you need to learn and by when, it’s simply a matter of finding the resources for learning about computers by exploring the Internet, bookstores, libraries and classroom options, such as local community colleges. There are also several free computer learning courses online that will get you started in the right direction. Most of these courses allow you to learn at your own pace and will give you a great start to learning computers with little or no financial obligation. With a little research, you can find a reputable online computer learning courses, and be on your way to materializing your goals for learning about computers in no time.

Tackling the enormous undertaking of learning how to use your computer can be overwhelming. However, by breaking it down into manageable tasks and setting your own pace for learning, you’ll be a computer guru on your own terms in no time.

By Free Computers Learning